John Eric Humphries, Christopher A. Neilson, Christopher Neilson, Xiaoyang Ye, Seth Zimmerman, "Parents’ Earnings and the Returns to Universal Pre-Kindergarten", Econometrica (R&R), 2024, doi: 10.3386/w33038.

@article{ upk-laborsupply_2024,
  title = "Parents’ Earnings and the Returns to Universal Pre-Kindergarten",
  author = "Humphries, John Eric and Neilson, Christopher A. and Neilson, Christopher and Ye, Xiaoyang and Zimmerman, Seth",
  journal = "Econometrica (R&R)",
  year = "2024",
  note = "rr",
  doi = "10.3386/w33038"
,
  abstract = "'This paper investigates the economic returns to universal pre-kindergarten (UPK) with a focus on parents' earnings. Utilizing a randomized lottery design, it estimates the impact of full-day UPK enrollment in New Haven, Connecticut. The findings highlight significant increases in parents' work hours and earnings, persisting for six years post-UPK. While UPK shows minimal impacts on children's academic outcomes, the economic returns are substantial, largely driven by parental earnings. Every $1 of net government expenditure generates $5.51 in after-tax benefits for families from earnings gains alone.'"
,
  url = "https://christopherneilson.github.io/documents/UPK/w33038.pdf"
,
  url_article = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w33038"
}